USE IN PAPER MAKING OF THE WOODOF THREE AMERICAN CONIFEROUSCULTIVATED IN THE EAST OF THE FRANCE(Sitka spruce, Vancouver fir, Douglas fir) - SUMMARY - The question arises in France to produce in sufficient quantitywood to the fabrication of wood pulp. In this aim, peoplelook at the creation of artificial crops with quick growing coniferousspecies. Amongst them there are three species indigenousto the North America wich call to a special attention : Sitkaspruce (Picea sitchensis), Vancouver fir (Abies grandis) andDouglas fir (Pseudo tsuga Douglasii).Tests have been undertook by the « École des Eaux et Forêts» since thirthy five years in the domesnial forest of Amance,near Nancy on several foreign species and specially on thesequoted above. Sample plots of twenty five " ares " have beenestablished in a deep clayey soil, under the climate of continentaltype with scharp winter and rather dry and warmsummer which characterizes the East of the France. Theobtained results have been favourable. The three speciesproved a good success, the growth was quick and the yeld considerable.To estimate the behalf of the wood of these species, cultivatedand at a not very old age cutted in that way, according to thefabrication of paper, tests have been carried out at the " ÉcoleFrançaise de Papeterie " depending on the Université deGrenoble " with samples coming from trees cut in the plantationof the Amance Forest. Tests were carried out according tothe fabrication of soda and sulphite pulp.The conclusion of the tests is the wood of american speciescultivated in the Amance Forest and used between 20 and30 years old have been revealed suitable to make paper as wellthe wood of these species grown in America....

CONTRIBUTION TO THE STUDYOF THE ELASTIC PROPERTIES OF TIMBERS - The study of the elastic properties of timbers which rest onthe mathematical theory of the elasticity, finaly aims the determinationof such a number of important quantities :1° The coefficient of longitudinal elasticity E1 either in thedirection of the axis of the stem, either in a perpendicular direction,radial E2 or tangential E3;2° The coefficients of POISSON, six in number;3° The coefficient of transversal elasticity G1, G2, G3.These different coefficients are deducted from tests of tension,compression, cleavage or torsion.Their determination has been done in several countriesspecially in England by CARRINGTON; in Germany by STAMERand SIEGLERSCHMIDT and SCHLUTER; in France also test havebeen carried out in the laboratory of the Ecole Nationale desEaux et Forêts at Nancy.After summing up the basis of the theory and exposing, theresearches of the different experimenters, the author give inhis study a comparative table of the whole abtained results.From there he deducts the general characteristics of the differenttimbers, about their elasticity. It is shown that the axialdirection — wood fibre direction — is, as to this property, aquite privileged direction whichever the timber may be. Thatproves the anisotropy of the timber in the mechanical pointof view.With the help of these results, the properties of the timber,about the resistance to tension, compression, and cleavage inthe three principal directions of strength are studied. Lastlypractical conclusions are drawn according to the use of timbersand their physical and mechanical properties. So the author is brought to distinguish three principal classesof timber :1° The very anisotropic timbers; like spruce, firs;2° The timbers of average anisotropy like pines, Douglasfir, birch;3° The slightly anisotropic timbers like ash, maple, beech,oak....

RÉSUMÉ.Les deux Tordeuses du Sapin pectiné ont des cycles vitaux presqueidentiques.Ce sont des Insectes monophages dont les chenilles rongent lesbourgeons et les jeunes aiguilles. Sous les attaques répétées, lesextrémités des rameaux s'atrophient, se déforment et se défeuillent.La période de dégâts dure cinq à six semaines dans le courant duprintemps. Les invasions peuvent se répéter pendant de longuesannées et les massifs envahis dépérissent peu à peu. Les plus attaquésparaissent être les peuplements âgés croissant à la limiteinférieure de l'aire du Sapin.On évitera les invasions en mélangeant au Sapin des essencesfeuillues. Il sera possible de les arrêter par des pulvérisations d'arséniates;mais il sera bon de prendre les attaques à leur début pourn'avoir à traiter que de faibles surfaces....